Seeking Transitiona Justice In Indonesia: Lessons From The Cases of Aceh, Papua And East Timor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev124Keywords:
Transitional Justice, Human Rights, Indonesia, Aceh, Papua, East TimorAbstract
This article analyses the Indonesian efforts to resolve past human rights abuses under the mechanism of transitional justice following the downfall of President Soeharto on May 21, 1998. The focus of analysis is the implementation of transitional justice in the cases of Aceh, Papua, and East Timor during the transitional period. This article shows that the efforts to enforce transitional justice in these cases have been faced with obstacles. Although there have been notable efforts in terms of both judicial and non-judicial to enforce transitional justice, the final results are not satisfactory. Transitional justice mechanism to resolve past human rights abuses was implemented only with half-baked and supported with half-hearted. As a result, it has failed to bring justice for the victims. There are lessons can and should be learned from these transitional justice cases for resolving other past human rights abuse cases in Indonesia today. The current Indonesian government should pay attention to the lessons in order to resolve past human rights violations in accordance with its promise during presidential election campaign in 2014. Otherwise, it is likely to repeat the same mistake and failure of justice dealing with past human rights violations.References
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Arinanto, Satya, 2003, Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Transisi Politik di Indonesia, Jakarta: Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Indonesia.
Brems, Eva, 2011, "Transitional Justice in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights", The International Journal of Transitional Justice, Vol. 5.
Burgess, Patrick, 2012, "De Facto Amnesty? The Example of Post-Soeharto Indonesia", in Francesca Lessa and Leigh A. Payne (ed.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clarke, Ross, Wandita, Galuh and Samsidar, 2008, Considering Victims: The Aceh Peace Process from a Transitional Justice Perspective, Occasional Paper Series, International Center for Transitional Justice, available at [http://ictj.org/].
Cohen, David, 2003, Intended to Fail: The Trials Before the Ad Hoc Human Rights in Jakarta, Occasional Paper Series, International Center for Transitional Justice, available at [http://ictj.org/].
Cribb, Robert (ed.), 1991, The Indonesian Killings 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, Clayton, Victoria: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
Cunliffe, Scott, et. al., 2009, Negotiating Peace in Indonesia: Prospects for Building Peace and Upholding Justice in Maluku and Aceh, ICTJ and ELSAM, available at [http://ictj.org/].
Drexler, Elizabeth F., 2010, "The Failure of International Justice in East Timor and Indonesia", in Alexander Laban Hinton (ed.), Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press.
Elster, Jon, 2004, Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Farid, Hilmar and Simarmatra, Rikardo, 2004, The Struggle for Truth and Justice: A Survey of Transitional Justice Initiatives Throughout Indonesia. International Center for Transitional Justice Occasional Paper Series, available at [http:// ictj.org/].
Hadiprayitno, Irene Istiningsih, 2010, "Defensive Enforcement: Human Rights in Indonesia", Human Rights Review, Vol. 11.
Hasibuan, Albert, 2015, "Penyelesaian Beban Sejarah", Kompas, 24 April. Hasibuan, Albert, 2015, "Penyelesaian Pelanggaran Berat HAM", Kompas, 25 July.
Hayner, Priscilla B., 2011, Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions, Second Edition, New York: Routledge.
Heryanto, Ariel, 2006, State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging, Oxon: Routledge.
Hirst, Megan, 2008, Too Much Friendship, Too Little Truth: Monitoring report on the Commission of Truth and Friendship in Indonesia and Timor-Leste, Occasional Paper Series, available at [http://ictj.org/].
Horne, Cynthia M., 2014, "Lustration, Transitional Justice, and Social Trust in Post-Communist Countries. Repairing or Wresting the Ties that Bind?", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 66, No. 2, March.
ICJT, JSMP, 2010, Impunity in Timor-Leste: Can the Serious Crimes Investigation Team Make a Di.fference?, available at [http://ictj.org/].
ICTJ and Kontras, 2011, Indonesia Derailed: Transitional Justice in Indonesia Since the Fall of Soeharto: A Joint Report, available at [http://ictj.org/].
ICTJ and ELSHAM, 2012, The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi, available at [http://ictj.org/].
ICTJ, 2010, "The Need for Accountability: The Helsinki Memorandum Five Years on", available at [http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Indonesia-Aceh-MoU- 2010-English.pdf ], accessed on April 13, 2014.
IPT 1965, http://1965tribunal.org/1965-tribunal-hearings-the-judges/ (accessed 13 November 2015).
IPT 1965, http://1965tribunal.org/1965-tribunal-hearings-the-prosecutors/ (accessed 13 November 2015).
IPT 1965, http://1965tribunal.org/1965-tribunal-hearings-the-registrar/ (accessed 13 November 2015).
Kimura, Ehito, 2014, "The Problem of Transitional Justice in Post-Suharto Indonesia", Middle East Institute, available at [http://www.mei.edu/content/problem-transitional-justice-post-suharto-indonesia], accessed on March 12, 2014.
Kompas, 2015, "Pemerintah Bertekad Tuntaskan Kasus Lama, 22 April, p. 4. Kompas, 2015, "Presiden Pastikan Penuntasan Kasus Masa Lalu", 29 May, p. 3.
Kompas.com, 2015, "Ini Tujuh Kasus Pelanggaran HAM yang Akan Diusut Pemerintahan Jokowi", <http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/21/17120411/Ini.Tujuh.Kasus.Pelanggaran.HAM.yang.Akan.Diusut.Pemerintahan. Jokowi? utm_ campaign= related& utm_ medium= bp-kompas& utm_ source=news&> (accessed 11 November 2015).
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Linton, Suzannah, 2006, "Accounting for Atrocities in Indonesia", Singapore Year Book of International Law, 10 SYBIL.
Mas’oed, Mohtar, 1989, Ekonomi dan Struktur Politik Orde Baru 1966-1971, Jakarta: LP3ES.
McCargo, Duncan, 2015, "Transitional Justice and Its Discontents", Journal of Democracy, Volume 26, Number 2, April.
Mugiyanto, 2015, "Rekonsiliasi dan Partisipasi Korban", Kompas, 16 June.
Ottendorfer, Eva, 2013, "Contesting International Norms of Transitional Justice: The Case of Timor Leste", International Journal of Conflict and Violence, Vol. 7 (1).
Pigou, Piers, 2004, The Community Reconciliation Process of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation, Report for UNDP Timor-Leste, available at [http://www.cavr-timorleste.org].
Sulistiyanto, Priyambudi, 2007, "Politics of Justice and Reconciliation in Post- Suharto Indonesia", Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 37, No. 1, February.
Reiger, Caitlin and Wierda, Marieke, 2006, The Serious Crimes Process in Timor- Leste: In Retrospect, ICJT, available at [http://ictj.org/].
Skaar, Elin, 2012, "Reconciliation in a Transitional Justice Perspective", Transitional Justice Review, Vol. 1, Issue 1.
Teitel, Ruti G., 2000, Transitional Justice, New York: Oxford University Press.
Teitel, Ruti G., 2003, "Transitional Justice Genealogy", Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 16.
The Constitutional Court decision, Case Number 011-017/PUU-I/2003, reviewing Law Number 12 of 2003 on the Election of Members of the National Representative Council, the Regional Representative Council, and the Local Representative Council.
The Constitutional Court decision, Case Number 006/PUU-IV/2006, reviewing Law Number 27 of 2004 on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The Jakarta Post, 2015, "Government brushes off Hague tribunal on 1965 massacre", http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/11/10/government-brushes-hague- tribunal-1965-massacre.html# (accessed 13 November 2015).
The Sunday Age, 2008, "Not diplomatic: was Ramos Horta a contender or a pretender?", June 29.
Villalba, Clara Sandoval, 2011, "Transitional Justice: Key Concepts, Processes and Challenges", Briefing Paper, Institute for Democracy and Conflict Resolution, the University of Essex Knowledge Gateway.
Herlambang, Wijaya, 2013, Kekerasan Budaya Pasca 1965: Bagaimana Orde Baru Melegitimasi Anti-Komunisme Melalui Sastra dan Film, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan: Marjin Kiri.
Zurbuchen, Mary S., 2002, "History, Memory, and the "1965 Incident" in Indonesia", Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No. 4, July/August.
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Published
2016-03-28
How to Cite
Manan, M. (2016). Seeking Transitiona Justice In Indonesia: Lessons From The Cases of Aceh, Papua And East Timor. Constitutional Review, 1(2), 69–98. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev124
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