The Religiosity of the Indonesian Constitution: Article 29(1) and Its Interpretation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev722Keywords:
Article 29(1), Constitutional Court, Indonesian Constitution, Interreligious Marriage Case, PancasilaAbstract
This paper examines the problem of whether the inclusion of religious words in the Indonesian Constitution is tantamount to the establishment of a religious constitution. By focusing on the Constitution’s provision on “belief in the One and Only God” in Article 29(1), this paper challenges the received theory of the religiosity of the Constitution. To that end, the paper first investigates the doctrinal and historical implications of Article 29(1). Particular analysis concerns the implications of this constitutionalization for Islamic law. The Constitutional Court’s decision on interreligious marriage is critically examined as an example of how the received theory is endorsed and articulated in the case of marriage. This paper argues that Article 29(1) concerns all religions, without any implied exclusion of non-monotheistic religions. Moreover, this paper affirms what is called the Pancasila state, located between an exclusively secular state and a religious or theocratic state. This arguably makes the notion of the religiosity of the Constitution unjustified. The Constitutional Court, however, has interpreted Article 29(1) in a strongly religious sense, leading to religious supremacy and, accordingly, is contrary to how the Constitution ought to be understood.References
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Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945.
Constitution of the Republic of Turkey.
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Hadikusuma, Hilman. Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia Menurut Perundangan, Hukum Adat, Hukum Agama [Marriage Law in Indonesia According to Legislation, Customary Law, Religious Law]. Bandung: Mandar Maju, 1990.
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Judicial Review of Blasphemy Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 140/ PUU-VII/2009 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2010).
Judicial Review of Criminal Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 46/PUU- XIV/2016 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2017).
Judicial Review of Marriage Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 12/ PUU-V/2007 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2007).
Judicial Review of Marriage Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 30-74/ PUU-XII/2014 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2015).
Judicial Review of Marriage Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 46/PUU- VIII/2010 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2012).
Judicial Review of Marriage Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 68/PUU- XII/2014 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2015).
Judicial Review of Marriage Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 69/PUU- XIII/2015 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016).
Judicial Review of Population Administration Law, Decision of Constitutional Court No. 97/PUU-XIV/2016 (The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2017).
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Law No. 23 of 2006 on Population Administration.
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Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia [People’s Consultative Assembly]. Risalah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945: Tahun Sidang 2000, Buku Lima [Minutes of the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia: Meeting Year 2000, Book Five]. Revised. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal, 2010.
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Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia [People’s Consultative Assembly]. Risalah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945: Tahun Sidang 2000, Buku Tujuh [Minutes of the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia: Meeting Year 2000, Book Seven]. Revised. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal, 2010.
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Māwardī, Abū al-H. asan ‘Alī ibn Muh. ammad ibn Habīb al-. Al-H. āwī al-Kabīr fī Fiqh al-Imām al-Shāfi‘ī [The Large Container in the Jurisprudence of Imam Shafi’i]. Vol. 9. 18 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1994.
Mughniyyah, Muh.ammad Jawād. Al-Fiqh ‘alā al-Mażāhib al-Khamsah [Islamic Law According to Five Schools of Law]. 10th ed. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Tayyār al-Jadīd, 2008.
Mujiburrahman. Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order. Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
Mulia, Siti Musdah. “Promoting Gender Equity Through Interreligious Marriage: Empowering Indonesian Women.” In Muslim-Non-Muslim Marriage: Political and Cultural Contestations in Southeast Asia, edited by Gavin W Jones, Chee Heng Leng, and Maznah Mohamad. Singapore: ISEAS, 2009.
Nasir, Jamal J.A. The Status of Women under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation. 3rd ed. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009.
Nasir, Mohamad Abdun. “Religion, Law, and Identity: Contending Authorities on Interfaith Marriage in Lombok, Indonesia.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 31, No. 2 (2 April 2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.17 73618.
Pompe, Sebastiaan. “Mixed Marriages in Indonesia: Some Comments on the Law and the Literature.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 144, No. 2/3 (1988): 259–75.
Ramulyo, Mohd. Idris. Tinjauan Beberapa Pasal Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dari Segi Hukum Perkawinan Islam [Review of Some Articles of Law No. 1 of 1974 from the Perspective of Islamic Marriage Law]. Jakarta: IHC, 1986.
Rid.ā, Muh.ammad Rashīd. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-h.akīm (Tafsīr al-Mannār) [Commentary on al-Qur’an (al-Mannār Commentary)]. Vol. 6. 12 vols. Cairo: Dār al-Mannār, 1947.
Rusli, and R. Tama. Perkawinan antar Agama dan Masalahnya sebagai Pelengkap UU Perkawinan No. 1 Th. 1974 [Interreligious Marriage and its Problem as an Addition to the Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974]. Bandung: Shantika Dharma, 1984.
Sapir, Gideon, and Daniel Statman. “Religious Marriage in a Liberal State.” In Constitutional Secularism in an Age of Religious Revival, edited by Susanna Mancini and Michel Rosenfeld, 269–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660384.003.0015.
Sezgin, Yüksel. Human Rights under State-Enforced Religious Family Laws in Israel, Egypt and India. Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139649612.
Shachar, Ayelet. “Faith in Law? Diffusing Tensions Between Diversity and Equality.” In Marriage and Divorce in a Multicultural Context: Multi-Tiered Marriage and the Boundaries of Civil Law and Religion, edited by Joel A. Nichols, 341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Simorangkir, J.C.T. “Peranserta Gereja/Warga Gereja dalam Pembangunan dan Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia dalam Hukum [The Role of Church/Church Members in the Development and the Law Enforcement in Indonesia in the Law].” In Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Perkawinan dalam Perspektif Kristen [Implementation of the Marriage Law from the Christian Perspective], edited by Weinata Sairin and Joseph Marcus Pattiasina, 33–69. Jakarta: PT BPK Gunung Mulia, 1994.
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Published
2021-12-31
How to Cite
Rofii, A. (2021). The Religiosity of the Indonesian Constitution: Article 29(1) and Its Interpretation. Constitutional Review, 7(2), 203–240. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev722
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