Rethinking Amnesties and the Function of the Domestic Judge
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev915Keywords:
Amnesties, Human Rights, Incompatibility, National JudgeAbstract
The award of amnesties or pardons has been used time and again to facilitate the attainment of peace after a civil war. However, this practice has been condemned by human rights and other international bodies as incompatible with the duty of states under human rights law to investigate, prosecute and punish human rights violations and the victims’ rights of access to justice and to the truth. Due to this incompatibility, the function of the domestic (constitutional) judge is none other than to strike down amnesty legislation as null and void. This appears to be the prevailing narrative in contemporary human rights discourse. The present contribution takes issue with this narrative. It takes the position that the international effect of regional human rights jurisprudencehas been to condition, as opposed to wholesale outlaw, the use of amnesties as a post-conflict peace-building tool. It defends the view that while blanket amnesties are increasingly considered incompatible with victims’ rights today, that does not mean that all amnesties are prohibited. From this perspective, this article argues that the proper function of domestic constitutional courts in the performance of the constitutionality control of amnesty legislation should take a different shape; instead of querying whether to strike down or to uphold amnesty legislation in its entirety, Constitutional Courts should condition amnesties to criteria – such as their position as part of a broader transitional justice package including truth telling and compensation – and monitor their implementation on a case-by-case basis.
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Makuchyan and Minasyan v. Azerbaijan and Hungary Appl., No. 17247/13 (European Court of Human Rights 2020).
Malarino, Ezequiel. “Judicial Activism, Punitivism and Supranationalisation: Illiberal and Antidemocratic Tendencies of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.” International Criminal Law Review 12, no. 4 (January 2012): 686, https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01204003.
Mallinder, Louise and Kieran McEvoy. “Rethinking Amnesties: Atrocity, Accountability and Impunity in Post-Conflict Societies.” Contemporary Social Science 6, no. 1 (February 2011): 118, https://doi.org/10.1080/17450144.2010.5 34496.
Mallinder, Louise. “Can Amnesties and International Justice Be Reconciled?” The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1, no. 2 (July 2007): 214, https:// doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijm020.
Margus v. Croatia, Appl., No. 4455/10 (European Court of Human Rights 2014).
Masacre Las Hojas v. El Salvador (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 1993).
Micus, Annelen. The Inter-American Human Rights System as a Safeguard for Justice in National Transitions: From Amnesty Laws to Accountability in Argentina, Chile and Peru. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
Minow, Martha. “Do Alternative Justice Mechanisms Deserve Recognition in International Criminal Law? Truth Commissions, Amnesties and Complementarity at the International Criminal Court.” Harvard International Law Journal 60, no. 1 (March 2019): 3, https://harvardilj.org/.
Monitoring Compliance with Judgment, Order of the Court, Barrios Altos v. Peru (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2005).
Monsenor Oscar Arnulfo Romero and Galdamez v. El Salvador, No. 11.481 (Inter- American Commission of Human Rights 1999).
Morales, Felipe González. “The Progressive Development of the International Law of Transitional Justice: The Role of the Inter-American System.” In The Role of Courts in Transitional Justice, edited by Jessica Almqvist and Carlos Espósito, 41-65. London: Routledge, 2013.
“More Attempts to Add Roadblocks on Road to Justice in El Mozote Case.” El Salvador Perspectives, published April 19, 2021. https://www. elsalvadorperspectives.com/2021/04/more-attempts-to-add-roadblocks-on- road.html.
Parada Cea et al. v. El Salvador, No. 10.480 (Inter-American Commission of Human Rights 1999).
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Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment Castro v. Peru (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2009).
Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, Judgment, Arellano v. Chile (Inter- American Court of Human Rights 2006).
Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Judgment IT-95-17/1-T (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 1998).
Prosecutor v. Gaddafi ICC-01/11-01/11-662 (International Criminal Court 2019).
Prosecutor v. Gaddafi ICC-01/11-01/11-695 (International Criminal Court 2020).
Prosecutor v. Kunarac, IT-96-23-T and IT-96-23/1, (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 2001).
Prosecutor v. Mucić and Others, Judgment IT-96-21-T (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 1998).
Provisional Measures Order, Massacres of El Mozote and Surrounding Areas v. El Salvador (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2019).
“Reform to the Judicial Career Law Threatens El Mozote Investigation, Inter- American Court Requests Information from the Salvadoran State.” CEJIL, published September 20, 2021. https://cejil.org/en/press-releases/reform- to-the-judicial-career-law-threatens-el-mozote-investigation-inter-american- court-requests-information-from-the-salvadoran-state/.
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“Resolution on Azerbaijan: The Ramil Safarov Case.” European Parliament, published September 13, 2012. https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/ popups/summary.do?id=1222822&t=d&l=en
“Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.” Report, 2001.
Ricoeur, Paul. Memory, History, Forgetting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Rochac Hernández et al. v. El Salvador (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2014).
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. “On El Salvador’s 1981 El Mozote Massacre, President Bukele Sides with Impunity.” Just Security, published October 28, 2020. https://www.justsecurity.org/73089/on-el-salvadors-1981-el-mozote-massacre- president-bukele-sides-with-impunity/.
Separate Concurring Opinion of Judge Perrin de Brichambaut, Prosecutor v. Gaddafi ICC-01/11-01/11-662-Anx. (International Criminal Court 2019).
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Published
2023-05-31
How to Cite
Vagias, M. (2023). Rethinking Amnesties and the Function of the Domestic Judge. Constitutional Review, 9(1), 142–178. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev915
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